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Phonology (Theory And Analysis)

Phonology (Theory And Analysis)

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PublisherHolt, Rinehart And Winston, Holt, Rinehart And Winston
Foreword byVictoria A. Fromkin
Copyright HolderHolt, Rinehart And Winston
FormatPaperback
LanguageEnglish
LocationUS
Copyright1975
Pages / Font268 pages
ISBNISBN 0-03-012141-8
Library of Congress Catalog Card NumberP217.H9 415 74-32172
Other5 6 7 8 9 10 059 10
ChaptersForeword by Victoria A. Fromkin Preface 1. What Is Phonology? 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Phonetics and Phonology 1.3 Redundancy and Distinctiveness 1.4 Levels of Sound Representation 1.4.1 Phonological and Phonetic Constraints 1.4.2 Phonological Rules 1.5 Some Universals of Phonological Systems 1.5.1 Phonological Inventories 1.5.2 Language Acquisition 1.5.3 Language Change 1.6 The Psychological Reality of Phonological Descriptions 1.6.1 Linguistic Intuitions 1.6.2 Foreign Accents 1.6.3 Speech Errors 1.6.4 Language Acqusition 1.7 Summary 2. Distinctive Feature Theory 2.1 The Need for Distinctive Features 2.2 Trubetzkoy's Theory of Distinctive Oppositions 2.2.1 Bilateral, Multilateral, Proportional, and Isolated Oppositions 2.2.2 Privative, Gradual, and Equipollent Oppositions 2.2.3 Constant and Neutralizable Oppositions 2.3 Jakobson's Theory of Distinctive Features 2.3.1 Articulatory vs. Acoustic Features 2.3.2 Binary vs. Nonbinary Features 2.3.3 The Distinctive Features of Jakobson and Halle 2.3.3.1 The Major Class Features 2.3.3.2 The Distinctive Features of Vowels 2.3.3.3 The Distinctive Features of Consonants 2.3.3.3.1 Primary Articulations 2.3.3.3.2 Secondary Articulations 2.3.3.4 Summary 2.4 The Distinctive Features of Chomsky and Halle 2.4.1 The Major Class Features 2.4.2 Primary Placement Features for Vowels and Consonants 2.4.2.1 The Features High, Back, and Low 2.4.2.2 The Features Anterior and Coronal 2.4.2.3 Secondary Articulations 2.4.2.4 Additional Features 2.5 Further Remarks and Revisions 2.5.1 The Feature Labial 2.5.2 The Treatment of Labiovelars 2.5.3 Binarity 2.5.4 Conclusion 3 Phonological Analysis 3.0 Different Views of the Phoneme 3.1 The Phoneme as a Phoneitc Reality 3.1.1 Minimal Pairs 3.1.2 Complementary Distribution 3.1.3 Phonetic Similarity 3.1.4 Free Variation 3.1.5 Discovery Procedures 3.2 The Phoneme as a Phonological Reality 3.2.1 Phonemic Overlapping 3.2.2 Neutralization 3.3 The Phoneme as a Psychological Reality 3.3.1 Levels of Adequacy 3.3.2 Grammatical Prerequisites to Phonology 3.3.3 Morphophonemics 3.3.4 Systematic Phonemics 3.3.5 Phonolocial Abstractness 3.4 General Considerations in Setting Up Underlying Forms 3.4.1 Predictability 3.4.2 Economy 3.4.3 Pattern Congruity 3.4.4 Plausability 4 Phonological Simplicity 4.1 Simplicity, Economy, and Generality 4.1.1 Lexical Simplicity vs. Rule Simplicity 4.1.2 The Simplicity Metric 4.2 Feature Counting 4.2.1 Feature Counting in the Lexicon 4.2.1.1 Morphene Structure Rules (MSRs) 4.2.1.2 Morpheme Structure Conditions (MSCs) 4.2.2 Feature Counting in Phonological Rules 4.3 Consequences of Feature Counting 4.3.1 Rule Formalisms 4.3.1.1 Feature-Saving Formalisms 4.3.1.2 Abbreviatory Conventions 4.3.1.2.1 Brace Notation 4.3.1.2.2 Bracket Notation 4.3.1.2.3 Parenthesis Notation 4.3.1.2.4 Angled Bracket Notation 4.3.1.2.5 Alpha Notation 4.3.1.3 The Problem of Notational Equivalence 4.3.1.4 Summary 4.3.2 Rule Ordering 4.3.3 Global Rules 4.4 An Evaluation of Feature Counting 4.4.1 One Phoneme or Two? 4.4.2 Derivational Constraints 5 Phonological Naturalness 5.1 Naturalness 5.1.1 Natural Classes 5.1.2 Natural Segments 5.1.2.1 Prague School Markedness 5.1.2.2 Universal Markedness 5.1.2.3 Markedness in Generative Phonology 5.1.3 Natural Systems 5.2 Natural Rules 5.2.1 Linking Conventions 5.2.2 Natural Assimilation Rules 5.2.3 The Relativity of Rule Naturalness 5.2.4 Strengthening and Weakening 5.2.4.1 Preferred Syllable Structure 5.2.4.2 Consonant Strengthening and Weakening 5.2.4.3 Vowel Strengthening and Weakening 5.2.5 The Phonetic Basis of Natural Rules 5.2.6 The Denaturalization of Natural Rules 5.2.6.1 Telescoping 5.2.6.2 Morphologization 5.2.6.3 Rule Inversion 5.2.7 Rule Naturalness as a Phonological Criterion 5.2.8 Rule Simplicity as a Phonological Criterion 6 Suprasegmental Phonology 6.0 The Study of Suprasegmentals 6.1 Suprasegmental Units 6.1.1 Phonological Units 6.1.1.1 The Syllable 6.1.1.1.1 Defining the Syllable 6.1.1.1.2 The Syllable in Generative Phonology 6.1.2 Grammatical Units 6.1.2.1 The Statement of (Underlying) Sequential Constraints 6.1.2.2 The Statement of Phonological Rules: Boundaries 6.1.2.3 The Transformational Cycle 6.2 Suprasegmentals of Prominence 6.2.1 Stress 6.2.1.1 What Is a Stress Language? 6.2.1.2 Factors Determining Stress Placement 6.2.1.2.1 Grammatical Factors 6.2.1.2.2 Phonological Factors 6.2.1.2.3 Factors Determines by Stress Placement 6.2.1.3 Natural Stress Rules 6.2.1.3.1 Conceptual Naturalness 6.2.1.3.2 Phonetic Naturalness 6.2.1.4 Degrees of Stress 6.2.2 Tone 6.2.2.1 What Is a Tone Language? 6.2.2.2 The Lexical Representation of Tone 6.2.2.2.1 Segmental vs. Suprasegmental Representation of Tone 6.2.2.2.2 Contour Tones vs. Sequences of Level Tones 6.2.2.2.3 Distinctive Features of Tone 6.2.2.3 Natural Tone Rules 6.2.2.3.1 Phonetic Tone Rules 6.2.2.3.1.1 Assimilation 6.2.2.3.1.2 Simplification 6.2.2.3.2 Morphophonemic Tone Rules 6.2.2.3.2.1 Dissimilation 6.2.2.3.2.2 Copying 6.2.2.3.2.3 Polarization 6.2.2.3.2.4 Replacement 6.2.2.3.2.5 Floating Tones 6.2.2.4 Terraced-Level Languages 6.2.2.4.1 Downdrift 6.2.2.4.2 Downstep 6.2.2.4.3 Intonation and Tone 6.2.2.5 Consonant Types and Tone 6.2.3 Typologies of Prominence 6.2.3.1 (Dynamic) Stress vs. Pitch Accent (Musical Stress) 6.2.3.2 Monotonic vs. Polytonic Accent 6.3 Other Suprasegmentals 6.3.1 Vowel Harmony 6.3.1.1 Types of Vowel Harmony 6.3.1.2 Approaches to Vowel Harmony 6.3.2 Nasalization Appendixes List of Symbols Notes on Phonetic Transcriptions Vowel Chart Consonant Chart Distinctive Feature Matrices References Author Index Subject Index Language Index
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