The Scottish 100: Portraits of History's Most Influential Scots

Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Introduction ARCHITECTURE-DESIGN Robert Adam (1728–1792) Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868–1928) ART Allan Ramsay and Henry Raeburn (1713–1784, 1756–1823) Mary Cassatt (1844–1926) Alexander Calder (1898–1976) Jackson Pollock (1912–1956) BUSINESS William Paterson (1658–1719) John Law (1671–1729) William Jardine and James Matheson (1784–1843, 1796–1878) Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919) Thomas Blake Glover (1838–1911) Elizabeth Arden (1878–1966) Donald Douglas (1892–1981) Thomas J. Watson and Thomas J. Watson, Jr. (1874–1956, 1914–1993) CINEMA Sean Connery (1930– ) CONSERVATION John Muir (1838–1914) Rachel Carson (1907–1964) DIPLOMACY Robert R. Livingston (1746–1813) ENGINEERING-INVENTION James Watt (1736–1819) William Murdoch (1754–1839) William Symington (1764–1831) Kirkpatrick Macmillan (1813–1878) Sanford Fleming (1827–1915) Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922) Thomas A. Edison (1847–1931) Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) John Lodgie Baird (1888–1946) Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973) EXPLORATION Henry Sinclair (d. c. 1400) James Cook (Captain Cook) (1728–1779) Alexander Mackenzie (1764–1820) David Livingstone (1813–1873) INTELLIGENCE William Stephenson (1896–1989) JOURNALISM-COMMUNICATIONS James Gordon Bennett and James Gordon Bennett (1795–1872, 1841-1918) Lila Acheson Wallace and DeWitt Wallace (1889–1984, 1889-1981) Rupert Murdoch (1931– ) LAW James Wilson (1742–1798) John Marshall (1755–1835) LITERATURE James Macpherson (1736–1796) Robert Burns (1759–1796) Walter Scott (Sir Walter Scott) (1771–1832) Washington Irving (1783–1859) George Gordon Byron (Lord Byron) (1788–1824) Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849) Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894) MEDICINE William Hunter and John Hunter (1718–1783, 1728–1793) Ronald Ross (1857–1932) John J. R. Macleod and Frederick Grant Banting (1876–1935, 1891–1941) Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) Ian Donald, Allan MacLeod Cormack, and James M. S. Hutchison (1910–1987, 1924–1998, 1940– ) MILITARY-NAVAL William Wallace (c. 1270–1305) Robert Bruce (King Robert I) (1274–1329) John Hepburn (c. 1598–1636) John Paul Jones (1747–1792) Michail Andreas Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly (1761–1818) Winfield Scott (1786–1866) Thomas Cochrane (Lord Dundonald) (1775–1860) Ulysses Simpson Grant (1822–1885) Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964) MUSIC-DANCE Stephen Foster (1826–1864) Edvard Grieg (1843–1907) Martha Graham (1894–1991) Joan Sutherland (1926– ) PHILOSOPHY Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746) David Hume (1711–1776) Thomas Reid (1710–1796) Adam Smith (1723–1790) Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) RELIGION Michael Scot and John Duns Scotus (1175?–1235?, c. 1265–1308) John Knox (c. 1514–1572) RULERS-STATESMEN Mary Stuart (Mary Queen of Scots) (1542–1587) James Stewart (King James VI & I) (1566–1625) Patrick Gordon (1635–1699) Robert Dinwiddie (1693–1699) Patrick Henry (1736–1799) Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804) Lachlan Macquarie (1761–1824) Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) Sam Houston (1793–1863) James Knox Polk (1795–1849) William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) James Bruce (8th Early of Elgin) (1811–1863) James Andrew Broun Ramsay (Lord Dalhousie) (1812–1860) John A. Macdonald (1815–1891) Allan Octavian Hume (1829–1912) Arthur James Balfour (1848–1930) SCIENCE John Napier (1550–1617) James Hutton (1726–1797) Joseph Black (1728–1799) Joseph Henry (1797–1878) William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) (1824–1907) James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) William Ramsay (1852–1916) Joseph J. Thomson (1856–1916) Ernest Rutherford (Lord Rutherford) (1871–1937) Mary Leakey (1913–1996) James D. Watson (1928– ) SPORTS James Naismith (1861–1939) Notes Bibliography Index