Meaning and Necessity. A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic

I. The Method of Extension and Intension 1 1. Preliminary Explanations 2 2. L-Concepts 7 3. Equivalence and L-Equivalence 13 4. Classes and Properties 16 5. Extensions and Intensions 23 6. Extensions and Intensions of Sentences 25 7. Individual Descriptions 32 8. Frege's Method for Descriptions 35 9. Extensions and Intensions of Individual Expressions 39 10. Variables 42 11. Extensional and Intensional Contexts 46 12.The Principles of Interchangability 51 13. Sentences about Beliefs 53 14. Intensional Structure 56 15. Applications of the Concept of Intensional Structure 59 16. Lewis' Method of Meaning Analysis 64 II. L-Determinacy 69 17. L-Determinate Designators 69 18. Teh Problem of L-Determinacy of Individual Expressions 73 19. Definition of L-Determinacy of Individual Expressions 78 20. L-Determinacy of Predicators 81 21. Logical and Descriptive Signs 85 22. L-Determinate Intensions 88 23. Reduction of Extensions to Intensions 90 III. The Method of the Name-Relation 96 24. The Name-Relation 96 25. An Ambiguity in the Method of the Name-Relation 100 26. The Unnecessary Duplication of Names 106 27. Names of Classes 111 28. Frege's Distinction between Nominatum and Sense 118 29. Nominatum and Sense: Extension and Intension 124 30. The Disadvantages of Frege's Method 129 31. The Antinomy of the Name-Relation 133 32. Solutions of the Antinomy 136 IV. On Metalanguages for Semantics 145 33. The Problem of a Reduction of the Entities 145 34. The Neutral Metalanguage M' 153 35. M' Is Not Poorer than M 157 36. Neutral Variables in M' 160 37. On the Formulation of Semantics in the Neutral Metalanguage M' 161 38. On the Possibility of an Extensional Metalanguage for Semantics 168 V. On the Logic of Modalities 173 39. Logical Modalities 173 40. Modalities and Variables 177 41. Semantical Rules for the Modal System S2 182 42. Modalities in the Word Language 186 43. Modalities and Variables in the Word Language 191 44. Quine on Modalities 193 45. Conclusions 202 Supplement A. Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology 205 B. Meaning Postulates 222 C. On Belief-Sentences. Reply to Alonzo Church 230 D. Meaning and Synonymy in Natural Languages 233 E. On Some Concepts of Pragmatics 248 Bibliography 251 Index 255