The Making of the English Landscape

Introduction William Boyd 9 Introduction (1955) W.G. Hoskins 13 Introduction (1976) W.G. Hoskins 17 THE LANDSCAPE BEFORE THE ENGLISH SETTLEMENT 25 The Pre-Roman Landscape 28 Western Farmsteads and Fields 33 Roman Britain 39 THE ENGLISH SETTLEMENT 50 Villages and their fields 50 Hamlets 58 The Shape of Villages 61 Some Anglo-Saxon Estate Boundaries 68 The Scandinavian Settlement 71 THE COLONISATION OF MEDIEVAL ENGLAND 75 The Landscape in 1086 75 The Clearing of Woodlands 84 Marsh, Fen and Moor 90 Buildings in the Landscape 100 THE BLACK DEATH AND AFTER 110 The Abandonment of Villages 110 New Colonisation 114 New Buildings 117 TUDOR TO GEORGIAN ENGLAND 129 The Landscape in 1500 129 The Enclosure of the Midland Field 137 The Flowering of Rural England 143 Country Houses and Parks 151 PARLIAMENTARY ENCLOSURE AND THE LANDSCAPE 164 The Extent of the Enclosure 164 The Date of Parliamentary Enclosure 171 The New Landscape 173 The Fields 173 Hedgerows and Trees 179 Roads 184 Farmhouses 188 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE LANDSCAPE 193 The Early Industrial Landscape 193 Water power and the Early Mills 196 Steam Power and the Slums 204 ROADS, CANALS AND RAILWAYS 212 Roads 212 Canals 224 Railways 231 THE LANDSCAPE OF TOWNS 244 The Planned Town 245 The Open-Field Town 253 The Market Town 262 THE LANDSCAPE TODAY 270 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 277 LIST OF PLATES 283 MAPS AND PLANS 289 INDEX 291